Book ReviewGentlehands essays

Book ReviewGentlehands expositions The story Gentlehands happens in the late 1970s. This story for the most part spins around one of the primary characters named Buddy, who is a center classed youngster that has is having a relationship with and high society, more seasoned young lady, named Skye. Buddys odds of dazzling Skye all alone are pretty much nothing so he chooses to acquaint her with his granddad, Mr. Trenker. Mate has not seen his granddad since he was only a little kid as a result of questions between Buddys guardians and Mr.Trenker, so he was not exactly sure what's in store from him. Amigo and Skye both come to understand the Mr. Trenker is exceptionally taught in numerous themes and furthermore very respectful. During this equivalent time Mr. De Lucca, a journalist for some, papers, is living with Skye at the ideal opportunity for obscure reasons. The main explanation he is remaining here is on the grounds that he is attempting to compose an anecdote about someone who used to be a SS official in WWII wit h the epithet Gentlehands. Toward the finish of the story grandpa Trenker is the one that is accepted to be Gentlehands. At the point when Grandpa Trenker knew about these allegations he fled to live with a companion of his. In the story Gentlehands there were a couple of significant characters, including Skye, Buddy, and Grandpa Trenker. Amigo is introduced ass a youngster who had not many encounters throughout everyday life and he indicated it ordinarily all through the book. A case of Buddy having just not many encounters in life is on page 80, passage 7 when pal was setting out a glass of wine. It said I put my hand around the jug and started pouring, and he stated, Wait a moment, Buddy. What? Continuously snatch the container of wine by the neck, he stated, and never fill the glass to the top. I imagine this is a genuine model since it shows how amigo had not very many encounters in life by not realizing how to pour wine. I additionally felt that he was very kind hearted and he likewise sticks to what he has faith in, even th... <!

Fromms Humanistic Psychoanalysis

Fromms Humanistic Psychoanalysis As portrayed by Fromm, individuals experience the ill effects of essential tension because of human issues. These are emotions, for example, depression, seclusion, and vagrancy that are realized by human partition from their regular world. This triggers a component planned for decreasing the awkward emotions. Jeff and Ann live in Cleveland, which is far away from their old neighborhood and family.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Fromm’s Humanistic Psychoanalysis explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More They endeavor hard to rejoin with their family by visiting them during Christmas and New Year special seasons. This feeling of solidarity is credited to the human requirement for rootedness and relatedness. Rootedness alludes to the urge that persuades people to rediscover themselves and appreciate living on the planet again after partition for quite a while. For relatedness, individuals seek to join with others either through marriage or shapin g cozy connections. This depends on three measurements: accommodation, force, and love. By submitting to each other, a gathering, or an organization, one gets joined with the normal world. Comparative with achieving power, individuals become progressively subject to each other and less autonomous. Finally, love makes a unification between people yet at the same time watches the veracity of partition among people (McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2002). As to greatness needs, Fromm portrayed it as the inclination for individuals to conquer inactive and the coincidental presence by making or crushing life. This is activated by people who are thrown into the common world without their endorsement. In this manner, they rise above nature either by making or obliterating it for different reasons. Undoubtedly, hesitance is viewed as an alternate item through and through. Individuals are distinguished by the jobs they play in the general public. The feeling of personality in the vast majority is attached to their connection to other people or organizations like religion, occupation, social gatherings, and others. Jeff and Ann recognize themselves with their occupations. Their feeling of personality depends on their one of a kind abilities, which that advantage their establishment and causes them to feel certain with their professions. With respect to the edge of direction, Jeff and Ann see the normal world as a spot that requires greater turn of events. This is credited to the way that they urge their youngsters to leave the world a superior spot than they discovered it. Based on character direction, Fromm would group Jeff and Ann as having a place with the â€Å"productive orientation†. For this situation, they are focused on upgrading their development and improvement, just as those of others. This is guided by their difficult work, love, and great thinking. Fromm’s humanistic mental hypothesis is essentially identified with other mental speculations. Ini tially, it is firmly identified with social mental hypothesis. This hypothesis expresses that conduct is gained by molding. Moreover, molding is constrained by the quick environmental factors. Individuals are molded to grasp the practices of their regular existence where they live or were raised. Jeff and Ann experienced troubles in changing in accordance with another condition far away from their home and family.Advertising Looking for article on brain science? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Loneliness, segregation, and vagrancy among different practices created because of being isolated from their regular world. Concerning Andrea’s case, she discovers difficulties to bond with her family, and this was created since she was little. This is additionally exacerbated by remaining far away from home. Fromm’s hypothesis is identified with intellectual brain research hypothesis. Individuals are overwhelmingly invo lved by their past encounters in their regular world. In encountering new conditions and data, individuals ought to alter, include, or change their past experience. This is constrained by their psychological and character direction that causes them acclimatize and suit the new condition. For example, a childs past introduction to little pooches would will in general shape the child’s attitude that mutts are little. On the off chance that the kid experiences a major canine, he would retain this new data and alter the past data to incorporate this new one. This progress would include osmosis and convenience. Absorption is engrossing new encounters into the already existing one while settlement is adjusting or changing the past existing into the light of the new condition. Jeff and Ann need to acclimatize and suit living in another condition that is a long way from the past condition. From Andrea’s viewpoint, she fears visiting her residual family because of the past expe rience that she guarantees keeps on enduring. Besides, Maslow’s and Roger’s humanistic brain research speculations identify with that of Fromm. These hypotheses are included human needs that control human presence. As indicated by Fromm’s hypothesis, human needs incorporate rootedness, relatedness, greatness, and personality. Propositions relate with those of Maslow’s hypothesis particularly the social needs. They focus more on connections, feeling of having a place, love, and fondness in the social foundations generally families. Jeff and Ann miss being with their family and they use this open door once it emerges during the special seasons. In conclusion, Fromm’s hypothesis likewise identifies with the character brain research hypothesis. This hypothesis focuses on the personal conduct standards and mental states or decisions, which makes one to stand apart from the rest. As indicated by Fromm’s hypothesis, individuals ought to depict thei r uniqueness to characterize their feeling of personality or character. Jeff and Ann build up their personality from their remarkable gifts in their occupations (Ashcraft, 2012).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Fromm’s Humanistic Psychoanalysis explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Ashcraft, D. M. (2012). Character hypotheses exercise manual. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. (2002). Psychodynamic Theories Fromm: Humanistic Psychoanalysis. Recovered from: http://highered.mheducation.com/locales/0072316799/student_view0/part2/chapter7/chapter_outline.html

Chernobyl Informative Speech

Allurement: There are right now 442 dynamic atomic force reactors overall as indicated by the Nuclear Energy Institute. Of the entirety of the reactors around the world, 14 have been delegated mishaps where people in general has been presented to radiation. The most annihilating of these occurrences was the center emergency of reactor 4 at Chernobyl, otherwise called the Chernobyl calamity. Presentation: Today I am going to reveal to you 3 things about Chernobyl.First, I am going to mention to you what Chernobyl was.Second, I will disclose to you Why it occurred lastly, I will mention to you what the impacts were and why it’s applicable today.Body 1 â€Å"What was Chernobyl†? :April 26, 1986 in the early morning hours, a blast shook a flourishing city close to the core of Ukraine.Within days 150 close by towns had been evacuated.This blast would turn into the starting to the most noticeably awful atomic calamity in history.Chernobyl’s power reactors were realisti c reactors, not normally utilized anyplace outside of the Soviet Union.In certain conditions, the graphite reactors could accelerate the atomic response. This was an imperfect Russian Design that at last prompted the disaster.Chernobyl was delegated a classification 7 atomic occasion, the most extreme arrangement as per the Nuclear Event Scale.Comparatively Three Mile Island was just named a class 5.Body 2 â€Å"Why did it occur? †:Next I am going to reveal to you why it happened.The calamity happened because of an analysis which was being controlled by the reactor engineers.The reason for the examination was to decide if power could be drawn from a turbine and diverted to the water siphons. High electrical interest during the day time implied they couldn't run the trial until 11pm.The designers developed fretful, lessening the pace of atomic response too rapidly.Reducing the rate this immediately caused a fast development of radiation poisons.To check this development, the c ontrol bars were pulled back. This implied they were not, at this point ready to control the pace of reaction.These 2 basic blunders (pulling back the bars and easing back the response too quickly) made the specialists unequipped for expanding the force inside the reactor. This was a security safety measure that the architects overrode.Normally, in a circumstance where the reactor becomes temperamental two safeguard measures were in place.â In the first place, the intensity of the reactor could be expanded to re-balance out the atomic response And Second, the architects could hold up 24 hours to permit the response synthetic compounds to dissipateThe Engineers be that as it may, had just crippled the first safeguard be expelling the control rods.The designs additionally kept on killing option security insurances including the crisis reactor cooling framework. This framework was intended to help stop the response if a lot of warmth was generated.The crisis vitality gracefully was likewise closed down, which means there was no extra vitality to run the plant.The try proceeded and the turbine generators were additionally shutdown.The electrical flexibly to the reactors water siphons was diminished because of the examination, decreasing the measure of cooling water going through the reactor.Because of this, water inside the reactor center started to boil.This was irksome, since the cool water was utilized to lessen the warm th of the response. As the pace of atomic response kept on quickening, expansion graphite tipped control bars were discharged by the engineers.Under typical conditions, the control poles were intended to slow the pace of reaction.However, with the response previously quickening wild, the addition of the graphite bars additionally expanded the reaction.After crippling or debilitating all potential safeguard strategies, the designers had come up short on prospects and had lost unlimited oversight of the atomic reactor.Enough pressure had developed inside the reactor to cause a blast, prompting the breakdown of reactor 4. Following the blast, the specialists and reactor laborers endeavored to conceal the episode from authorities.This implied that clearing exertion couldn't completely start for 36 hours after the explosion.Because the occurrence was not promptly detailed and people in general was never made completely mindful, ranch produce, dairy and the air was sullied with very eleva ted levels of radiation and incredibly significant levels of radiation and in this way devoured by the occupants in districts encompassing Chernobyl.Within hours of the blast, inhabitants of the close by city of Prypiat started to fall ill.Body 3: How is it pertinent to us? At long last, I’m going to mention to you what the impacts were and why Chernobyl is as yet applicable today.Hundreds of thousands of individuals were influenced by the accident150 towns and towns were deserted dislodging a huge number of individuals from their homes.As a consequence of the across the board arrival of radiation researchers gauge t caps 100,000 miles square miles encompassing Chernobyl had been fundamentally contaminated.Significant levels of radiation from Chernobyl were recorded at the Forsmark Nuclear force plant around 600 miles from Chernobyl.Over 600,000 laborers were engaged with the cleanup of Chernobyl. A considerable lot of these laborers got noteworthy degrees of radiation.The gl obal nuclear vitality organization noted in excess of 1800 archived instances of thyroid malignant growth in kids 14 and under promptly following the debacle, a lot higher than normal.Most of these were distinguished early and effectively treated.The fiasco uncovered the serious impacts of radiation harming on the body as indicated by the universal Nuclear security gathering: â€Å"Krypton 85 influences the whole body and can improve the probability of creating disease, for example, leukemia inside two years of introduction. Cesium 137 can assault the whole body, focusing on the liver, spleen and the muscles. Barium 140, accumulates during the bones and can cause tumors as late as thirty years after presentation. Iodine 131 assembles in the thyroid. It can trigger malignancy in the thyroid decades following exposure†.The occasion carried attention to the risks of radiation from atomic reactors as well as from regular events, for example, getting a X-Ray at the hospital.Conclu sion:Nuclear reactors are utilized more today than any time in recent memory. The closest one is in Chicago, IL. The calamity of Chernobyl made individuals increasingly mindful of the dangers.More wellbeing measures were established on account of Chernobyl. These wellbeing measures implied that regulation and calamity alleviation was a lot quicker and increasingly compelling during the 2010 Fukushima atomic debacle in Japan. All in all I have mentioned to you what Chernobyl is, the reason it occurred, what the impacts and why it is as yet pertinent to us today.ReferencesChernobyl | Nuclear Reaction | FRONTLINE | PBS. (n. d. ). PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved October 23, 2012, from http://www. pbs. organization/wgbh/pages/cutting edge/appears/response/readings/chernobyl. tmlChernobyl: Cause and Effect. (n. d. ). RichEast. Retrieved October 23, 2012, from http://www. richeast. organization/htwm/chernobyl/chernobyl. html International Nuclear Events Scale (INES). (2 012, September 25).Nuclear Safety and Security. Retrieved October 22, 2012, from http://www-ns. iaea. organization/tech-zones/crisis/ines. asp Nuclear Energy Institute †U. S. Atomic Power Plants. (n. d. ).Atomic Energy Institute †Clean-Air Energy. Retrieved October 23, 2012, from http://www. nei. organization/resourcesandstats/nuclear_statistics/usnuclearpowerplants/

Is information society the consequence of a revolutionary change from Essay

Is data society the outcome of a progressive change from past social relations or has there quite recently been continuous development - Essay Example A data society would be useless in the event that it is following a set plan. This could be a politically sponsored plan or could get its inspiration from various zones, the vast majority of which stay inside the state itself. The general public has an exceptionally appropriate task to carry out undoubtedly. On the off chance that the general public is naã ¯ve and doesn't really have a clue what this data would do towards their own lives, it is protected to express that such a data society is serving the reason for definitely nobody. Proliferation of political idea inside a data society would be proportionate to meeting a target or an objective which is expected and thus persuaded in such a way, that it changes the view of the individuals. Following a plan inside a data society is in this manner loaded up with various attitudes, all of which have a significant job at understanding the announcement of getting a social change, one that is both of a transient sort or intended to bring a since quite a while ago run movement. At that point there is the significant conversation of political tilts getting moved through the consolidation of news sources and under such aegis, a data society would just work best towards giving that upper hand that has been conceived.

Writing a Descriptive Essay

Writing a Descriptive EssayWhen you're writing a descriptive essay, you should not focus only on the story you want to tell. Describing your information is an important part of your essay, but you also need to be sure that you are presenting yourself and your experiences in a way that readers will find appealing. Here are some tips to help you achieve this goal.Writing a story, especially when the focus is a personal experience, can be an easy task. That doesn't mean it should be without challenge. Describing an event you've had can be difficult. But if you want your reader to find interest in your writing, the most important part of your essay is to tell them something about the event. Whether it's the first time you ever kissed someone or the first time you saw a strange car, there should be a certain amount of openness and candor when describing the specific event.If you have trouble writing a specific description of the event, then you can always enlist the help of an experienced professional. They'll be able to give you ideas on how to describe your experiences. Another thing you can do is to read up on the topic. Find out what other people have written about the events or questions you're going to ask in your writing.When you're writing a descriptive essay, you should be careful not to minimize the value of other people's experiences. You may be certain that you experienced a particular event personally, but there's no reason that other people shouldn't also be able to see a connection between your description and what they've experienced. You should include descriptions of other types of experiences as well. This is important because people generally use anecdotes to help them express their feelings. Using descriptions, you can show how others use anecdotes in describing their own experiences.Your essay should be fairly short. Don't try to write a story about a situation you never experienced. Focus on an experience that you've had or read about. Don't j ust tell how things are, but also show how things can be. Using language that has a personal touch is important in this case.Your essay should make sense as a whole. Don't throw all of your experiences into one paragraph. Take the time to explain the parts that are relevant to your topic and then move on to the parts that are not so important.Your essay should be easy to understand. Readers can't take too much time analyzing your text. Make your descriptions easy to understand and organize. You don't want your readers trying to figure out what you're trying to say.Follow these steps and you'll learn a lot about writing a descriptive essay and developing skills to make it easier for you. You will also have a well-written, informative essay that has substance. You'll be on your way to writing another great essay. The more research you do and the more practice you get, the better you'll be at this style of writing.

Countering Terrorismexamining The Tactics Of Rendition And

Countering Terrorismexamining The Tactics Of Rendition And Countering Terrorism:examining The Tactics Of Rendition And Extraordinary Rendition Of The Us â€" Assignment Example > Countering Terrorism: Examining the Tactics of Rendition and Extraordinary Rendition of the USAbstract: This essay aims to discuss the tactics of rendition, especially the extraordinary rendition of United States, in countering and combating terrorism. It analyses the pressing need of United States and other countries in dealing effectively with the growing threats and attacks of terrorism, both global and regional. It also examines the use of rendition by United States in trying to combating terrorism in conjunction with other foreign countries. In the course of such an analysis, the essay takes into account the issues against extraordinary rendition, and discusses on the debates raised today about the ethicality and justification of the use of extraordinary rendition by US. The essay also reviews and records the response of United States to the several debates against its methods used in the war against terrorism. Introduction: Bombings, attacks, threats, and violence carried on by terrorists have become a commonplace activity in our world of today. Although statistics might indicate that there has been a reduction in the terrorist incidents, there is still a pressing need for countries to combat international as well as domestic terrorism and wage a war against global terrorism. Terrorism has been defined by Title 22 of the United States Code, Section 2656f(d) as ‘the term terrorism means premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience… the term “terrorist group” means any group practising, or that has significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism…’ (National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, 1998). In order to deal effectively with terrorism and terrorists, who having mobility often frequent countries and cause havoc, different countries have developed techniques. The visitations of t errorists and their destruction in United States have further fuelled the fire in the country against terrorism. Research indicates that terrorism and terrorist groups have always been the focus of the departments of US, which include ‘executive branch agencies (for example, the State Department, CIA, and FBI) as well as Congressional bodies â€" including the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the Congressional Research Service’ (The National Security Archive, 2001). ‘The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon and the abortive attack (possibly aimed at the White House or Camp David) that resulted in the crash of a jetliner in Pennsylvania has resulted in a new and extraordinary emphasis by the Bush administration on combating terrorism’ (The National Security Archive, 2001). Reports state that ‘during the last ten days key administration officials, particularly President Bush, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and Secr etary of State Colin Powell, have repeatedly emphasized that their long-term objective is the destruction of terrorism â€" a goal to be achieved by the death or apprehension of terrorists, the destruction of their infrastructure and support base, and retaliation against states that aid or harbor terrorists’ (The National Security Archive, 2001). To investigate the roots of terrorism, United States has been implementing a practice known as ‘extraordinary rendition’. Rendition and Extraordinary Rendition: What They Mean:

The Connection between Art and History for Julian Barnes - Literature Essay Samples

The connection between history and art is similar to the law of Causality in physics, otherwise known as the â€Å"cause and effect† law. As history progressed through multiple ages, fashions, and mentalities, so did artistic styles and tendencies. Art is important to the historic field because the objects created by man show how different were the points of view of the people living back then compared to our modernized minds. This connection between art and history, which is occasionally marked by irony and incongruity, is addressed in Julian Barnes’s A History of the World in 10 ½ Chapters. Salman Rushdie describes Julian Barnes’s A History of the World in 10 ½ Chapters as a â€Å"fiction about what history might be,† a â€Å"brilliant, elaborate doodle around the margins of what we know we think about what we think we know.† It is a novel composed of short stories covering the history of the world, changing the narrative mode in each chapter, thus creating in the reader’s mind different kinds of stories: a drama, a documentary, or a personal narrative. For instance, we experience the point of view of a woodworm who infiltrated Noah’s Ark, only to have the perspective changed and read a complete analysis of The Raft of Medusa, the painting by Theodore Gericault. As Steven Connor states in The English Novel in History, â€Å"One particularly marked feature of postwar fiction, (†¦) which establishes an important link between history and novelistic narrative is the practice of rewriting earlier works of fiction. Such novels are a particular effect of a more generalised sense of the eternal return that seems to characterise postwar fiction.† Barnes is atomizing the history of the world, questioning the grand narratives. He is creating micro-histories that nobody thought were plausible in order to challenge the reader to also question, divide and analyze the history of the world as seen from different perspectives, which to some may seem untruthful, unreliable, or simply absurd. As he states in Parenthesis, the only chapter that does not have a numeral in front of it: â€Å"We make up a story to cover the facts we don’t know or cannot accept; we keep a few true facts and spin a new story round them. Our panic and our pain are only eased by soothing fabulation; we call it history.† He is retelling the history of the world in only 10  ½ chapters, and thus he is â€Å"reworking† it or simply transforming it through â€Å"translation, adaptation, displacement, imitation, forgery, plag iarism, parody, pastiche,† as Steven Connor describes it. The analysis of the Medusa (Chapter 5: Shipwreck) is the most relevant chapter in the book in terms of illustrating the connection between art and history. The chapter itself is an analysis of Gericault’s painting, The Raft of Medusa. The first half of the chapter explains the historical events of the shipwreck and the efforts the crew made in order to remain alive, describing all the grotesque and inhumane methods they were forced to utilize (dehydration, starvation and even cannibalism). In the second half, the narrator is examines the painting and describes why Gericault felt the need to â€Å"soften† the harsh reality in order to make the history more reasonable, less grotesque and in order to respect the guidelines of aestheticism imposed by the Romantic movement in the French painting during that time: â€Å"Truth to life, at the start, to be sure; yet once the process gets under way, truth to art is the greater allegiance. The incident never took place as depict ed; the numbers are inaccurate; the cannibalism is reduced to literary reference†¦The raft has been cleaned up as if for†¦a queasy-stomached monarch: the strips of human flesh have been housewifed away, and everyone’s hair is as sleek as a painter’s new-bought brush.† This quotation explains precisely how â€Å"Catastrophe has become art†: the author actively helps the reader to observe how a piece of art can be used in order to manipulate people and history. The first chapter, The Stowaway, is however the axis of the whole book, every chapter being related in one way or another to the Ark or Noah, the novel itself being â€Å"a post-modern, post-Christian series of variations on the theme of Noahs Ark.† The chapter is written from the perspective of a woodworm, who describes Noah as a drunken, ordinary man, â€Å"who thinks of his menagerie as a floating cafeteria and eats many species into extinction†. He never took into account that the feathers of plovers turn white during winter and decided to bring it to extinction for the sake of the other animals. He killed the unicorns who were â€Å"strong, honest, fearless, impeccably groomed and a mariner who never knew a moment’s queasiness† and consumed them (which upset the whole animal kingdom), despite the fact that the unicorn saved Ham’s wife from falling into the sea. The woodworm blames God for Noah’s habit because he’s an â€Å"oppres sive role model†. Then he continues the verbal irony when talking about Noah’s caretaking methods: â€Å"As soon as he saw the plovers turning white, he decided that they were sickening, and in tender consideration for the rest of the ship’s health he had them boiled with a little seaweed on the side†. The chapter might provoke some Christians because of Barnes’s way of mocking one of the most important events written in the Bible. On this aspect I agree with Rushdie’s comment: â€Å"The playful irreverence of this chapter would make instructive and no doubt shocking reading for some of todays hardline religionists†(Salman Rushdie, 238), finding myself in the position of questioning the Bible even more than I already do. What if Noah really was a drunk who is responsible for the extinction of so many mythological creatures? We might never find out the truth. What Barnes’s is trying to show us, using the motif of Noah’s he ro status and the Ark, is that history is highly influenced by art and guidelines imposed by people, movements. . Moreover, we forget that history is written by the victor which, of course, writes it in such way that his part is not only more glorious than it should be, but he is also omitting details (as in the 5th chapter), making us refuse other perspectives which might be indeed truthful and useful. The woodworm perspective is still present in the third chapter, The Wars of Religion, in which the insects, referred to as the bestioles (Latin term for bug or insect), are charged with â€Å"felonious intervention† for eating the Bishop’s throne and the church of Saint-Michel until it fell down. â€Å"A church, being a ship of souls, is also a sort of ark.†(Salman Rushdie, p. 241). The habitants request the excommunication of the bestioles responsible for the â€Å"devilish work†. Plaidoyer des habitans, the prosecution, next described the inhabitant’s victimization as â€Å"humble faith† and â€Å"unimpeachable honesty†, explaining the absence of the bestioles: â€Å"too trepid of this court to let anything but the clear fountain of truth flow from their mouths†. The statements used in these quotations satirize the prosecution. However, the court accuses the woodworms because they naturally eat wood by over exaggerating the in cident in which the Besanson’s bishop, Huge, fell through the throne: â€Å"Oh malevolent day! Oh malevolent invaders! And how the Bishop fell †¦ being hurled against his will into a state of imbecility†, thus parodying the Bishop’s fall. When describing the examination of the â€Å"crime scene†, the plaidoyer says they discovered an â€Å"unnatural infestation† in one of the legs of the chair and that they add that the criminals had â€Å"secretly and darkly gone about their devlish work, [and] so devoured the leg that the Bishop did fall †¦ from the heavens of light into the darkness of imbecility†. This might be an inappropriate overstatement because woodworms infest do wood naturally. In the end, â€Å"the villager’s successful prosecution of the woodworms who end up being excommunicated †¦ is ironically undercut by the conclusion in which the closing words †¦ have been eaten by the woodworm† (Finney 63) . Barnes satirizes documented history through the whole chapter, parodies a real event in history and tells an alternative story. The half chapter of the total of 10  ½ is represented by Parenthesis, in which Barnes talks directly to the reader about his view of love â€Å"like El Greco staring out of his masterpiece The Burial of Count Orgaz†(Salman Rushdie, p. 239). Salman also states that this half chapter â€Å"saves the day† because Barnes’s view of history is â€Å"what let’s this book down† and â€Å"it’s just too thin to support the whole fabric.† In Barnes’ vision, love is a kind of ark on which two people might just be saved and Rushdie interprets this idea as â€Å"the opposite of history is love†, which to some might feel â€Å"like a lifebelt, like a raft†. Barnes analyzes the â€Å"I love you† sentence in different languages(English, German, French, Russian and finally Italian) and compares the different structure of each of them. He imagines a â€Å"phonic conspiracy between the world’s languages. They make a c onference decision that the phrase must always sound like something to be earned, to be striven for, to be worthy of.† In German it is a â€Å"late-night, cigarette-voiced whisper, with that happy rhyme of subject and object†, in French â€Å"a different procedure, with the subject and object being got out of the way first, so that the long vowel of adoration can be savoured to the full,† in Russian there is an â€Å"implication of difficulty, obstacles to be overcome,† and in Italian it: â€Å"sounds perhaps a bit too much like an apà ©ritif, but is full of structural conviction with subject and verb, the doer and the deed, enclosed in the same word.† He also describes why love does not mean that the couple is happy, not necessarily because they do not love each other enough, but because happiness is something that is subjective and can only be found alone and not together with love, but â€Å"Perhaps love is essential because it’s unneces sary.† Rushdie adds, with regret, that â€Å"even here one wishes that Barnes the essayist had stepped aside for Barnes the full-blooded novelist; instead of a disquisition on love, we could have been given the thing itself. Dont talk of love, as Eliza Doolittle sang, show me.â€Å" The History of the World in 10  ½ Chapters is in all these ways a postmodernist carousel of the unexpected, a complex novel which speaks for those with no voice – the losers of history. Barnes employs irony and uses a wide array of narrative voices in order to form a single parody of the history restrained to only 10  ½ chapters. Using this unusual technique to write his novel, Barnes provides a criticism for the authority of history. The connection between art and history is best described by the Causality law: history being the action and art the reaction. Artists were telling history as seen by those they were working for, such as kings and the Church. In a way, because they had to paint or sculpt only one version of events, mostly the victors’, they were censoring themselves. Moreover, they had to abide certain rules of style and morality. This is reflected in the fifth chapter, in which Gericault had to eliminate the grotesque elements of his painting. Therefor e, art was an expression of history told from a singular, subjective perspective. Without a way of cross-examining the accuracy of events as seen from other points of view, because often the truth lies somewhere in the middle, history has been told from the perspective of some people. Sovereigns used to commission paintings and sculptures in order to immortalize their accomplishments, therefore making artists accomplices to their truth (many examples come from the Antiquity to Napoleon). Barnes’s novel urges the reader to question the authenticity and the authority of history in general, calling for a lecture that questions the veracity of the information. Works cited: Barnes, Julian. A History of the World in 10 1/2 Chapters Finney, Brian. A Worms Eye View of History: Julian Barness A History of the World in 10 1/2 Chapters. Papers on Language Literature 39.1 (2003): 49 70. Literature Resource Center. Web. 14 2012. Rushdie, Salman. Imaginary Homelands Connor, Steve. â€Å"The English Novel In History 1950-1995 Routledge

Unit 5 Energy Metabolism - 2166 Words

Unit 5 Outcome 2 – Energy Metabolism Booklet The Respiratory System The respiratory system consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. These provide a passageway to allow air in and out of the body. Every cell in the body requires oxygen to survive. The primary function of the respiratory system is the exchange of gases. The respiratory system allows oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, this is necessary to sustain life. During the process of breathing air is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled, this change of gases occurs in the alveoli. The inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli and then diffuses into arterial blood. The waste rich blood from the veins releases carbon dioxide into the alveoli which is†¦show more content†¦The esophagus receives food from the mouth after swallowing and then delivers it to the stomach. The stomach holds food which it is being mixed with enzymes which continue the process of breaking down the food into a useable form. When the contents of the stomach are processed they are released into the small intestine. In the small intestine food is broken down by enzymes released from the pancreas and bile from the liver, the food is moved through and mixed with digestive secretions. The small int estine is made up of three segments the duodenum, jejunum and the ileum, the jejunum and the ileum are mainly responsible from the absorption of nutrients in to the bloodstream. These contents start out semi-solid and end in a liquid form after passing through the organ. Water, bile, enzymes and mucous change its consistency, one the nutrients have been absorbed it then moves onto the large intestine. The large intestine connects to the rectum and is specialised in processing water so that emptying the bowels is easy. The pancreas is responsible for secreting digestive enzymes into the duodenum. These enzymes then break down protein, fats and carbohydrates. The pancreas is also responsible for making insulin and secreting it directly into the bloodstream. The livers main function within the digestive system is to process the nutrients which are absorbed from the small intestine. Bile is secretedShow MoreRelatedEssay about Chemistry and Carbohydrates1082 Words   |  5 PagesCarbohydrates are utilized by animals and humans in metabolism to produce energy and other compounds. Carbohydrates are initially synthesized in plants form a complex series of reactions involving photosynthesis. They store energy in the form of starch or glycogen in animals and humans. They provide energy through metabolism pathways and cycles. Carbohydrates also supply carbon for synthesis of other compounds. (Berdanier, Pgs 45-47). Metabolism occurs in animals and humans after the ingestion ofRead MoreNote1070 Words   |  5 PagesMetabolism: Transformations and Interactions I. Chemical Reactions in the Body Plants use the sun’s energy to make carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water. This is called photosynthesis. Humans and animals eat the plants and use the carbohydrate as fuel for their bodies. During digestion, the energy-yielding nutrients are broken down to monosaccharides, fatty acids, glycerol, and amino acids. After absorption, enzymes and coenzymes can build more complex compounds. In metabolismRead MoreAssignment Brief to Break Down Unit 5 Health and Social Care Level 11545 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment Brief Course Title: Extended Diploma Level 3 in Health and Social Care Unit : 5 Assignment Title: Anatomy Physiology Scenario/Vocational Context: This unit introduces core knowledge of cellular structure and function, and the organisation of the body as a whole, and then builds on this to develop a more detailed knowledge of the fine anatomy and physiology of the systems involved in energy metabolism. Functional Skills Development: This assignment will give you the opportunityRead MoreDieting Makes People Fat1263 Words   |  6 Pagesexpectation of getting quick results is most likely to have serious consequences as rapid weight loss is not sustainable (FoodTalk, n.d.). The outcome of dieting is not just weight loss alone. Several other things also happen in the body when the energy intake of a person is being controlled. With the consequences of dieting being pushed aside, dieting is getting more and more popular these days. â€Å"Losing weight is consistently on the list of top 10 new year’s resolutions. It is difficult to determineRead MoreThe Proteins Of Protein And Proteins1545 Words   |  7 Pagescarbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates are a source of energy for the body glucose, building blocks for giant carbohydrates in the human body, and components of other molecules like DNA and RNA. Carbohydrates are transported by the bloodstream to various tissues and organs, including muscles and brain, where it is used for energy, and stores glucose in the liver and skeletal muscles. Fats provide more than half of the body s energy needs. Fat from the food you eat is broken down into fatty acidsRead MoreHow Sugar Metabolism Affects Your Body1134 Words   |  5 Pagesusually glucose. The primary function of sugar in your body metabolism is to provide energy to power your activities. Additionally, sugar can convert to a stored form of energy in your body, and it plays a role in conserving your lean muscle mass. Background The starches you consume consist of large molecules of glucose linked together. Digestive enzymes secreted from your salivary glands and pancreas clip the starch into individual glucose units as your food passes from your mouth through your stomachRead MoreAtkins or fadkins Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pages and fruits Carbohydrates are: -quick source of energy -best for the brain and nerve tissues -there are simple and complex carbohydrate c. Fats- type of lipid and usually come from animals. Sources can be lard and butter. Fats are: -needed for vitamin absorption -creating cell lipids and steroids. -excess energy is stored as fat in the human body 2. Janine made this statement: â€Å"... if yourRead MoreThe Oldest Treatments For Epilepsy1274 Words   |  6 Pagesketone bodies is accomplished through high fat intake, carbohydrate depletion and a fasting-metabolism; over long periods of time. When the body is in a fasting state, it creates ketones, a by-product of a fat-burning metabolism. It has long been recognized that seizures often lessen or disappear during periods of fasting in some individuals with epilepsy (Richard Senelick, 2014). This fat-burning metabolism is slowly become popular amongst dieters and endurance athletes. Besides the clear loss ofRead MoreAnatomy and Physiology - Energy Metabolism1339 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Unit 5: Anatomy and Physiology (P4) Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body In this task I am going to discuss the three systems involved in energy metabolism in the body. The chemical equation for cellular respiration is: C6H12O6 + O2 = E + CO2 + H2O OR Glucose + Oxygen = Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water In order to release energy we need glucose which is a simple carbohydrate that is produced after digestion of food and we also need oxygenRead MoreM1- Discuss the Role of Energy in the Body Essay679 Words   |  3 PagesDiscuss the role of energy in the body In our bodies we need energy so that we could do things that are possible such as; move our muscles, talk and all the other things that we do. Without energy all humans would be useless not being able to do anything. Energy is needed to extract the oxygen from the areas in our bodies and diffuse it into our bloodstream. As warm blooded we can only digest food and function if our bodies are at a certain temperature and have enough energy, and energy is required for

Study Guide for Greek Theater

The conventional theater of Shakespeare (Romeo and Juliet) or Oscar Wilde (The Importance of Being Earnest) features discrete acts subdivided into scenes and casts of characters engaged in dialogue with one another. This easy to grasp structure and familiar format comes from ancient Greece, where drama originally had no individual speaking parts. Structure and Origins The English word theater comes from  theatron, the viewing area for the Greek audience. Theatrical performances were outdoors, often on hillsides, and featured men in the roles of women and actors wearing masks and costumes. Performances were religious, political, and always competitive. Scholars debate the origins of Greek drama, but perhaps it developed from religious ritual worship by a chorus of singing and dancing men—possibly dressed as horses—connected with the festive vegetation god, Dionysus. Thespis, namesake of the term thespian for an actor, supposedly is either the first person to appear onstage in character, or casted the first speaking role; maybe he gave it to the chorà ªgos, leader of the chorus. Choral training was the responsibility of a chorà ªgos, selected by an archon, one of the top officials in Athens. This duty to train the chorus was like a tax on the wealthy citizens, and being members of a chorus (choreutai) was also part of Greek civic education. The chorà ªgos provided all the equipment, costumes, props, and trainers for the roughly dozen choreutai. Such preparation might last for six months and at the end, if he were lucky, the chorà ªgos would fund a feast to celebrate winning the prize. The chorà ªgos and playwrights of winning productions garnered great prestige. Greek Chorus The chorus was the central feature of Greek drama. Composed of similarly costumed men, they performed on the  dancing floor (orchestra), located beneath or in front of the stage. They enter during the first choral song (parodos) from two entrance ramps (parodoi)  on either side of the orchestra, and remain for the entire performance, observing and commenting on the action. From the orchestra, the leader  (coryphaeus) speaks the choral dialogue, consisting of long, formal speeches in verse. The final scene (exodus)  of Greek tragedy is one of dialogue. Scenes of dialogue (episodes)  alternate with more choral song (stasimon). In this way, the stasimon is like darkening the theater or drawing the curtains between acts. To modern readers of Greek tragedy, the statismon seem easy to overlook, interludes interrupting the action. Likewise, the ancient actor (hypokrites, the one who answers the chorus questions) often ignores the chorus. Though they couldnt control hypokrites behavior, the chorus had a personality, was crucial to winning the competition for best set of tragedies, and could be important in the action, depending on the play. Aristotle said they should be regarded as hypokrites. Tragedy Greek tragedy revolves around a tragic hero whose misfortune causes intense suffering resolved by one of Aristotles tragic qualities, catharsis: a relieving, cleansing, and emotional release. Performances were part of an estimated five-day religious festival in honor of Dionysus. This Great Dionysia festival—during the Attic month of Elaphebolion, from the end of March to mid-April—was perhaps  instituted ca. BCE 535 by the Athenian tyrant Pisistratus. Festivals centered on agones, or competitions, where three tragic playwrights competed to win the prize for the best series of three tragedies and a satyr play. Thespis, credited with the first speaking role, won that first competition.  Although the subject matter was usually mythological, the first surviving full play was The Persians by Aeschylus, based on recent history rather than myth. Aeschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles are the three famous, great writers of Greek tragedy whose contributions to the genre survive. There were rarely more than a chorus and three actors, regardless of how many roles were played. Actors changed their appearance in the skene. Violence usually occurred offstage, too. Playing multiple roles, a hypokrites wore masks because the theaters were so capacious that the back rows couldnt read their facial expressions. Although such large theatres had impressive acoustics, the actors needed good vocal projection to perform well behind their masks. Comedy Greek comedy comes from Attica—the country around  Athens—and is often called Attic Comedy. It  is divided into what is known as Old Comedy and New Comedy. Old Comedy tended to examine political and allegorical topics, while New Comedy looked at personal and domestic themes. For comparison, compare a late night talk show about current events and satire when thinking of Old, and a primetime sitcom about relationships, romance, and family when thinking about New. Thousands of years later, restoration comedy performances can also be traced to New Comedy. Aristophanes wrote mostly Old Comedy. He is the last and primary Old Comedy writer whose works survive. New Comedy, almost a century later, is represented by Menander. We have much less of his work: many fragments and Dyskolos, a nearly complete, prize-winning comedy. Euripides is also considered an important influence on the development of New Comedy. Legacy in Rome Roman theater has a tradition of derivative comedy, and their comedy writers followed New Comedy. Plautus and Terence were the most influential Roman writers of comedy—fabula palliata, a genre of drama converted from Greek to Roman—and their plots influenced some of Shakespeares work. Plautus also inspired the 20th centurys A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum. Other Romans (including Naevius and Ennius), adapting the Greek tradition, wrote tragedy in Latin. Those tragedies unfortunately have not survived. For extant Roman tragedy we turn to Seneca, who may have intended his works for readings rather than performances in the theater. Resources and Further Reading Englert, Walter. â€Å"Ancient Greek Theater.† Greek Drama and Theaters, Reed College.Foley, Helene. â€Å"Choral Identity in Greek Tragedy.† Classical Philology, vol. 98, no. 1, Jan. 2003, pp. 1-30.â€Å"Greek Theatre Index.† Theatre History, 2002.Greenwood, Leonard Hugh Graham. â€Å"The Shape of Greek Tragedy.† Greece Rome, vol. 6, no. 16, Oct. 1936, pp. 31-40.Kirkwood, G. M. â€Å"The Dramatic Role of the Chorus in Sophocles.† Phoenix, vol. 8, no. 1, Spring 1954, pp. 1-22.Poe, Joe Park. â€Å"The Determination of Episodes in Greek Tragedy.† The American Journal of Philology, vol. 114, no. 3, Autumn 1993, pp. 343-396.Rabinowitz, Nancy Sorkin. Greek Tragedy. Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.Scullion, Scott. â€Å"Nothing to Do with Dionysus: Tragedy Misconceived as Ritual.† The Classical Quarterly, vol. 52, no. 1, July 2002, pp. 102-137.Segal, Erich. â€Å"The ÃŽ ¦Ã ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¹Ãâ€š of Comedy.† Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol . 77, 1973, pp. 129-136.Stuart, Donald Clive. â€Å"The Origin of Greek Tragedy in the Light of Dramatic Technique.† Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, vol. 47, 1916, pp. 173-204.

A Brief Timeline of the 1950s

The Law Enforcement Code Of Ethics - 966 Words

The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics has been established as a reminder to law enforcement officers, the trust that the public has placed in them, and the ethical way that they live their lives, both on, and off duty (Bohm, 2010). Many police departments use the basic code as a part of the swearing in ceremony, or at the graduation of a police academy class. While the basic code of ethics is extremely important, the code also contains 10 cannons within in it, and out of those 10, I have found three to be the most important to me. The first cannon, which I find to be the most important, is cannon number two. This cannon states that â€Å"Police officers should be aware of the legal limits of their authority and the ‘genius of the American System’, which limits the power of individuals, groups, and institutions† (Bohm, 2010, p.183). The reason that I find this cannon to be the most important is simple to me. Police officers are just a small part of the American legal system. We are not judges, juries, or executioners while performing our duties. The American Constitution was established with a system of checks and balances in it, to prevent any one branch of the government from having complete control over the nation. As police officers, our job is to enforce the law in an honest, trustworthy manner, and we should never overstep the limits that have been placed on us by the Constitution or the courts. One recent example of police who have stepped outside of the boundaries ofShow MoreRelatedCode of Ethics in Law Enforcement3114 Words   |  13 PagesPROFESSIONAL CONDUCT OF PEACE OFFICERS MODEL POLICY MN STAT 626.8457 I. â€Å"POLICY It is the policy of the __________________________________________________ (law enforcement agency) to investigate circumstances that suggest an officer has engaged in unbecoming conduct, and impose disciplinary action when appropriate. II. 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Although policeRead MoreCriminal Justice: Ethics and Integrity676 Words   |  3 PagesEthics and integrity are important to a police chief or county sheriff in a number of ways. First, ethics and integrity assist a police chief or a county sheriff to recruit the best officers who can work in their departments. It is only through application of the principles of ethics and integrity that a police chief or a county sheriff can identify these qualities in the potential applicants, and use them in the recruitment process. S econd, ethics and integrity are important to a police chief orRead MorePolice Subculture And Corruption Within Law Enforcement951 Words   |  4 Pagesmeans, why it exists and if it contributes to corruption by law enforcement. Police subculture and corruption defined. A subculture is a group of people that generally share attitudes, views, rules, principles, beliefs, ways of living, and behaviors that differs in one or more ways from the culture. 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Living in a World of Warcraft the Complex Sociality of Virtual Worlds Free Essays

Living in a World Of Warcraft: The Complex Sociality of Virtual Worlds Through the convergence of gaming, the internet and Web 2. 0 technologies, the virtual worlds of Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs) have emerged: complex new social and cultural environments that bring with them tremendous opportunities for learning. This convergence of contexts, a defining feature of new media, combines the potential sociality of the internet with the fun and challenge of gaming, blurring the lines between entertainment, play, information and socialisation (de Freitas Griffiths, 2008, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Living in a World of Warcraft: the Complex Sociality of Virtual Worlds or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1). Through fantasy-styled role-playing MMOG (MMORPG) World of Warcraft (WoW), I will explore evidence of the benefits and drawbacks of these new forms of sociality, and examine ways in which of MMORPGs show potential to develop new social practices and ways of learning, both from a player/learner perspective (Jenkins, 2006; Shaffer, Squire, Halverson Gee, 2005, p. 106), and in terms of studying and understanding social dynamics of human groups on a larger scale (Szell Thurner, 2010, p. 14). WoW’s enormous success exemplifies the massive social phenomenon of online gaming and virtual worlds (Shaffer, Squire, Halverson Gee, 2005, p. 106). Released in 2004, Steinkuehler Williams describe WoW as â€Å"the latest step in a progression of social games† (2006, p. 887), referring to the many evolutions in this style of game since its early origins in Dungeons and Dragons-style pencil and paper games (Bradford, 2010, p. 7). Socialisation and the building of relationships i s central to the game, which attracts an extremely broad audience worldwide: within 5 years of release, WoW’s subscriber base grew to 11. 5 million (Bradford, 2010, p. 56). Steinkuehler Williams posit that – as new social environments outside of home, school and work – virtual worlds can provide a social context akin to â€Å"pubs, coffee shops, and other hangouts† (2006, p. 889). Chat channels within the game not only facilitate in-game activities, they also carry â€Å"constant conversation about the game and topics well beyond it† (Steinkuehler Williams, 2006, p. 894), to the extent that the in-game social interaction is considered by some players to be more important than the actual gameplay (Stetina, Kothgassner, Lehenbauer Kryspin-Exner, 2010, p. 473). The virtual worlds of MMOGs – such as WoW’s Azeroth – are â€Å"known for their peculiar combination of designed ‘escapist fantasy’ and emergent ‘social realism’† (Steinkuehler Williams, 2006, p. 887). Indeed, opportunities for socialisation in virtual worlds are incredibly diverse, evidenced by the unusual records WoW holds for the â€Å"Most People at a Virtual Funeral† and â€Å"Largest Virtual Beer Festival† (Guinness World Records, 2012). Real-world issues can impact the virtual world too, exemplified by WoW’s annual â€Å"Running of the Gnomes†, where low-level pink-haired gnome avatars – most created or â€Å"rolled† specifically for the event – run through dangerous terrain to a designated location and, by grouping together, â€Å"form a heart for breast cancer awareness† (Iserloth, 2012). The event raises money for the Cleveland Clinic for vaccine research, and this year exceeded the $1,000 goal (O’Neal, 2012). Such events epitomise the unique social culture of MMORPGs: impervious to the physical boundaries of real-world events, creative player-instigated socialisation takes full advantage of the flexible social environment of the virtual world. Games, in all of their various forms, have given rise to â€Å"new forms of sociality† (Bradford, 2010, p. 63), as evidenced by the role Communities of Practice play in game culture. Bradford’s research shows that, whether a game is designed to be played with others or not, â€Å"communities which cluster around games constantly engage in negotiations over strategies, experiences and opinions† (2010, p. 56). Like most video games, WoW is surrounded by a powerful network of knowledge (Gee, 2003, p. 187) through these Communities of Practice, consisting of â€Å"a content domain, a group of persons interested in this domain and a shared practice to increase the effectiveness of each member† (Wolf, K, 2007, p. 191). There are also communities dedicated to a seemingly endless wave of user-created media, from webcomics created using WoW screenshots to highly-produced â€Å"machinima†, a convergence between games and cinema which combines film-making techniques with computer-generated imagery (CGI), rendered in real-time using game engines (de Freitas Griffiths, 2008, p. 13). Players forge reputations amongst these robust communities (Shaffer, Squire, Halverson Gee, 2005, p. 106), participating in forums to share advice on how to advance in the game, hosting news sites or writing FAQs and walkthroughs. Along with in-game social facilities, they make up â€Å"a crucial component of MMORPGs† (Bradford, 2010, p. 58), necessitating the learning and development of â€Å"effective social practices† (Shaffer, Squire, Halverson Gee, 2005, p. 106). Despite the growing popularity of gaming culture, a lack of understanding of the social contexts of gamers still produces stereotypical views of gamers, attributing to them â€Å"deviant behaviours and emotional problems† (Stetina, Kothgassner, Lehenbauer Kryspin-Exner, 2010, p. 477). In a recent example, Colleen Lachowicz, a Democratic Party candidate for the Maine State Senate, was the subject of a campaign organised by the Maine Republican Party in October 2012 to make public what they called Lachowicz’s â€Å"bizarre double life† (Benedetti, 2012) as an orc in WoW. A website created for the campaign proclaimed â€Å"Maine needs a State Senator that lives in the real world, not in Colleen’s fantasy world† (Colleen’s World, 2012), and a mail-out, featuring images of Lachowicz’s avatar with highlighted quotes including â€Å"I love poisoning and stabbing! and â€Å"I can kill stuff without going to jail† was posted to voters (Maine Republican Party, 2012). Lachowicz’s casual comments typify the playful tone of MMOG socialisation (Steinkuehler Williams, 2006, p. 899) and the misinterpretation, whether accidental or deliberate, is evidence of stereotyping due to a lack of understanding of the complex social culture of MMORPGs. When considering the social potential of MMORPGs, it is also important to acknowledge â€Å"problematic play†: playing excessively at the detriment of real-life priorities and relationships (Snodgrass, Lacy, Francois Dengah II, Fagan, 2011). Not all players are effected and numerous studies show that many cases of problematic play are associated with pre-existing psychopathological problems (Stetina, Kothsgassner, Lehenbauer Kryspin-Exner, 2010, p. 474; Snodgrass, Lacy, Francois Dengah II Fagan, 2011, pp. 1212-1213) including depression, OCD and low self-esteem. Certain player motivations may increase risk of problematic play, such as reliance on online socialisation and escapism as a coping strategy (Stetina, Kothsgassner, Lehenbauer Kryspin-Exner, 2010, p. 478). A 2011 study suggested playing with real-life friends or family minimises problematic play, by helping to retain awareness of the real world (Snodgrass, Lacy, Francois Dengah II Fagan, 2011). Furthermore, such play can enhance existing relationships (Steinkuehler Williams, 2006, p. 891). While immersion – â€Å"experienc(ing) the avatar as ‘I’† (Bradford, 2010, p. 57) – can play a role in developing problematic behaviour, it is important to note that not all immersive play is problematic (Stetina, Kothsgassner, Lehenbauer Kryspin-Exner, 2010, . 478). Immersion plays a vital role in games such as WoW, allowing players to â€Å"think, talk and act in new ways† and â€Å"inhabit roles that are otherwise inaccessible to them† (Shaffer, Squire, Halverson and Gee, 2005, p. 105), creating a more level playing ground for socialisation and situated understanding (Steinkuehler Williams, 2006, pp. 891-892). With their complex economic, social, political and cultural systems and the potential to access the data of thousands of online players at any given time (Szell Thurner, 2010, p. 14; Shaffer, Squire, Halverson and Gee, 2005), MMOGs are potentially ideal environments for researching â€Å"collective human phenomena and social dynamics† (Szell Thurner, 2010, p. 314). In 2007, Lofgren and Fefferman suggested that WoW could be used as a tool to â€Å"substantially boost the reality quotient of disease simulators† (Vastag, 2007), following an in-game epidemic of the virtual disease â€Å"Corrupted Blood† in 2005. Corrupted Blood, introduced through a downloadable update, was a highly infectious â€Å"de-buff† designed to make combat more challenging in a new area of the game, accessible only to higher level players. A programming error allowed the disease to spread beyond the intended area into heavily populated areas of the game, â€Å"mimicking the travel of contagious carriers over long distances that has been the hallmark of many disease outbreaks in history† (Lofgren Fefferman, 2007, p. 625). Lofgren and Fefferman noted that players’ â€Å"dedication to the virtual community† (2007, p. 627) provoked diverse reactions – some risking their own character in an effort to heal others, others logging out in â€Å"a panic response† (Vastag, 2007, p. 264) and some even propagating the chaos by intentionally spreading the disease (Vastag, 2007, p. 64) – approximating to â€Å"reactions of people in real-life situations of danger† (Lofgren Fefferman, 2007, p. 627), suggesting MMORPGs hold great promise in terms of measuring social dynamics and collective human response for purposes of scientific research. At its core, gaming culture relies on effecti ve cooperation and collaboration, both in-game and through communities of practice outside of the game. Participation in video games and the communities surrounding them teaches and encourages players to engage in â€Å"effective social practices†, establishing and building upon new and effective forms of entertainment, pleasure and sociality. Bradford, 2010). The success and popularity of these unique worlds has shown immense potential for further study into large-scale social dynamics and human phenomenon, potential which has yet to be fully explored. As contexts and media forms continue to converge, it seems certain that the millions of players whose avatars inhabit the rich virtual worlds of MMORPGs and other online games will continue to create and explore new and innovative opportunities for socialisation and learning. Works Cited Benedetti, W. (2012). Republicans out Democrat in World of Warcraft Witch Hunt. Retrieved from http://www. nbcnews. com/technology/ingame/republicans-out-democrat-world-warcraft-witch-hunt-6283586 Bradford, C. (2010). Looking for my corpse: Video games and player positioning. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, 33(1), 55-64. Retrieved from http://www. informit. com. au Colleen’s World. (2012). Retrieved from www. colleensworld. com de Freitas, S. , Griffiths, M. (2008). The convergence of gaming practices with other media forms: what potential for learning? A review of the literature. Learning, Media and Technology, 33(1), 11-20. doi:10. 080/17439880701868796 Gee, J. P. (2003). What Video Games Have To Teach Us About Learning and Literacy. New York, NY: Palgrave Mamillan. Guinness World Records. (2012). Retrieved from www. guinnessworldrecords. com Iserloth, A. (2012). World of Warcraft gathers for breast cancer. Retrieved from http://www. universitychronicle. net/index. php/2012/10/22/cancer-wow-walk/ Jenkins, H. (2006). War Between Effects and Meaning: Rethinking the Video Game Violence Debate. In D. Buckingham R. Willett (Eds. ), Digital Generations (pp. 19-31). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Lofgren, E. T. Fefferman, N. H. (2007). The untapped potential of virtual game worlds to shed light on real world epidemics. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 7(9), 625-629. doi:10. 1016/S1473-3099(07)70212-8 Maine Republican Party. (2012). Candidate’s Bizarre Double Life Raises Questions. Retrieved from https://www. mainegop. com/2012/10/candidates-bizarre-double-life-raises-questions/ O’Neal, A. (2012). World of Warcraft players go pink to raise money for breast cancer research. Retrieved from http://www. examiner. com/article/world-of-warcraft-players-go-pink-to-raise-mo How to cite Living in a World of Warcraft: the Complex Sociality of Virtual Worlds, Papers

Leadership Key Areas Are Also Discussed †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Leadership Key Areas Are Also Discussed? Answer: Introduction In this paper, there is discussion about the leadership. Leadership is basically an art of getting the stuff done through others. Leadership key areas are also discussed in this study. Self assessment is done on the basis of presence of these leadership skills. This paper defines the leadership. Key areas of leadership According to Northouse (2015), leadership is an art of leading an organization, group or individuals. In order to do self-analysis, there are many key areas, these four key areas of leadership have been discussed. These key areas are the sign to successfully implementation of the leadership skills. Following are some vital key areas. Transformational According to Mller?Seitz (2012), this style of leadership helps in order to inspire the subordinates to find the most effective and the efficient way of moving towards the predetermined goals. In this style some of the power vested with the subordinates after training, so that the decisions will be taken by their own. Working with the employees at the same level helps the leader to analyse the deviation. These transformational traits should be possesed by a leader. Contingency - Accounting to Odhiambo Hii (2012), contingency leadership style includes,preparing in advance for any future overcoming. Basically this includes the predicting behavior of individual, how any one can behave in a particular situation.A leader becomes more competent when, have the parellel thoughts for what they are performing and what they need to do, the situations can be anything ,might it'll be having adverse effect on the organization or may be favourable as well that requires the top notch readiness in their nature and actions.Clrarity of thoughts with the presnt day will leads to the fruitfull results in future . Charismatic According to Nixon et.al. (2012), this basically includes the trait to attract or influence an individual to get the stuff done. Communicating effectively inspire the followerws to attain their productivity level that directly or indirectly contributes to the overall expansion. A leader should contain this trait because in order to get the stuff done and to inspire others to follow you, one should have influencing power. An individual who have the influencing power can easily be a successful leader. Situational leadership- According to Parris Al. (2013), in this style, it has been depicted that the successful leader should be the one who is having the talent to deal with the situation. These situations or changes can be environmental, external , internal surropundings etc. All these key areas are having their sub areas. Conclusion In this paper, it has been concluded that the leadership consists of many traits, these traits will assess the leaders. Assessing the leaders include seeking the presence of these traits. The Implication of these traits will result in a successful leader. References Mller?Seitz, G. (2012). Leadership in inter-organizational networks: a literature review and suggestions for future research.International Journal of Management Reviews,14(4), 428-443. Nixon, P., Harrington, M., Parker, D. (2012). Leadership performance is significant to project success or failure: a critical analysis.International Journal of productivity and performance management,61(2), 204-216. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Odhiambo, G., Hii, A. (2012). Key stakeholders' perceptions of effective school leadership.Educational Management Administration Leadership,40(2), 232-247. Parris, D. L., Peachey, J. W. (2013). A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory in organizational contexts.Journal of business ethics,113(3), 377-393.

International Marketing Harvey Nichols

Question: Describe about international marketing development for Harvey Nichols? Answer: Introduction This report has been prepared on Harvey Nichols the famous luxurious and fashionable departmental stores located in the UK. Potential buyers can find wide range of fashionable products with the company. The purpose to prepare this report is to evaluate and analyse the marketing plan and strategies for Harvey Nichols. Relevance of marketing strategies for international business development has been analysed. Through this process, the benefits associated with the preparation of an effective marketing plan and strategies can help the management to overcome the hurdles that can affect the business extension on a foreign land. The management has proposed to develop a new store in Doha. Details of the company Benjamin Harvey inaugurated a linen shop in London, in the year 1813. The business was taken over by his daughter. During this time, the business house would sell oriental carpets luxury goods, silks, and linens. The business was severely impacted in 1990s. However, due to effective marketing strategies and business developmental plan, the business house opened new stored in the UK and international market. The latest proposal for Harvey Nichols has been to open a new operational store with partnership in Doha festival city shopping area (Armstrong, 2006). International marketing development for Harvey Nichols The company has proposed to open a new store in Doha, which is one of the highest visited places in the world. New store would be opened near the festival shopping area. This has been done to attract more clients and improve the sales percentage for the store. Earlier, the company had ventured into foreign markets like Hong-Kong and others. In order to venture into Doha market, the company has partnered with the Qatari company. The purpose to venture into new market is to improve the investment proposal and collect data for minimising the risks involved in the international development. Marketing strategies play a key role in approaching the clients, in Doha. The company proposes to develop a unique marketing strategy that would provide success in the international market. For this, the consumer behaviour and the changes in the preferences of the potential buyers are analysed. The decision to venture into foreign market is a zero based process. Essential knowledge and experience for developing the products and venturing into new market is required to be carried out. Analysis has to be done for operating the business from the new market. For this it is essential to evaluate the entry mode and the positives aspects that would benefit the company. Goods and product distribution method has to be analysed, as this will improve the performance of the business. The marketing strategy needs to include the important factors that would help in improving the performance (Cornelissen, 2001). Analysis of company and market environmental factors Conducting a thorough research on various environmental factors for the business would help in implementing the accurate steps suitable for the development; Harvey Nichols is a famous store that sells branded products to the customers. By analysing the market environmental factors, the company evaluates the internal and external factors that can affect the business performance. PESTLE analysis has been carried out to understand the factors that can impact the business development plan. Political Due to the Doha shopping festivals organized by the government, the number of foreign tourists to the country has increased. The government has relaxed rules that restricted the entry of the foreign country. However, the rules associated with the process to be followed by the company have to be evaluated. The company has proposed to partner with the Qatar Company and the rules associated with the same have to be followed (Eagle Kitchen, 2007). Economic - The economic factors are related to various taxes, imposition of interest rates, and fluctuations of foreign exchange rates. Decision related to fiscal factors has to be analysed as this would help in entering into partnership with a foreign country. Social/Cultural factors - The social factors are associated with the changes in the fashion understanding about the people. Tourist from different parts of the globe visits the country. The standards have to be set out as the product would be sold to the clients. In this process, the expectations of the clients and the needs have to be analysed, as this will increase the sales (Fitzpatric, 2005). Technology - With the help of the technology, the company can keep a check on the product supply, handle the staff report, and prepare reports about the sales for the stores. The data important for the collection and analysing the sales and purchase report can be analysed whenever required. This would help in improving the decision making activities. Legal - In the legal factor, the rules and policies drafted by the government has to be analysed. This would help in carrying out the performance for the company, without any interruptions. Environmental In order to protect the environment, the company proposes to carry out the environmental check. Through this process, reusable products are intended to be introduced by the company. This would improve the company contribution towards the protection of environment (Ferdous, 2008). SWOT analysis Though this process, the risks involved in the process of marketing and international business development are analysed. Strength Weakness Brand image cater the customer expectations Quality products Introduce better products for satisfying the customer needs Lower price Approach the customers Analysis of the foreign market Opportunities Threats Business development into foreign land Rival offers Introduce better supply chain management system Analysing the preferences of the customers Create awareness about the brand image Determination of quality Unique marketing strategies Strategy for international growth and recommendation for store operations The strategy prepared by the management of the company to venture into the foreign market has to be effective and accomplish the goals that have been determined by the company. The objectives of the company have to be outlined and presented in the right manner. Entry mode selected by the company is one of the important factors (Holm, 2006). Recommendations In order to capture and successfully venture into the foreign market, the management can introduce an effective marketing strategy. Through this method, the company can approach and convince customers from different markets and improve the sales. Information about the customer preferences and requirements can be gathered and analysed from different sources. This has been done to improve the sales and brand image (Johnson and Schultz, 2004). The rules drafted by the federal authroities have to be followed for improving the visibility of the company. In this case, the company has proposed to venture into foreign country through partnership. For this, the rules and policies governing the business venture can be analysed. This will mitigate any delays that can impact the proposal to venture into the foreign market (Kim and Schultz, 2004) Entry modes for the business Foreign market entry is based on the entry mode that has been selected by the company. Two important methods for entry modes are 1. Equity -Joint ventures or wholly owned subsidiaries.2. Non- equity method It includes exports of the goods and entering into the contractual agreements.Partnership is one of the important forms of entry mode that can directly impact the business strategy. The below mentioned factors has to be analysed 1. Strategic compatibility - The Company has selected to partner with the Qatari company. This has been done to promote the brand image and provide better sales opportunities for the company. The interest and conflicts that can affect the willingness of the business has to be analysed (Kotler, 2003).2. Skills and resources The venture has been planned to increase the sales for the company. In this process, the brand image and other benefits associated with the sales has been analysed. Thus, the required skills like salesman, better technology and other factors has to be planned (Lauterborn, 2003).3. Size of the company Doha stores would sell different types of luxurious and brande d clothes and items to the customers. The management proposed to open big stores that would sell quality and reliable items to the customers. Size of the business has been determined to be good enough to handle the requirements of the company.4. Compatibility in financial aspects The partnership is intended to invest enough finances through which the operational activities for the business can be carried out. Long term plan and benefits has to be analysed, as this would help in increasing the sales and brand image for the company (Lobo, Cochran, and Duda, 2000). The strategy needs to be unique, as the store expects customers from different parts of the world. Thus, the needs and preferences of the customers have to be analysed. This would help in increasing the sales and approaching maximum number of clients (McGrath, 2005). Marketing Mix Through marketing mix the company intends to approach and convince maximum number of clients visiting Doha for shopping purpose. The company has proposed to launch new and better products for the clients, especially during the festival shopping period. Marketing mix is planned and introduced for increasing the brand image and highlight the offers that have been provided by the company. The four P factor has been analysed, and the same has been mentioned below 1. People The store intends to approach different type of customers visiting Doha, exclusively for the Doha festival. Customers are analysed based on the age, earnings, preferences, genders, and others. In order to improve the sales, the management of the stores conduct a research to collect the information about the expectations of the potential buyers. Through this method, the sales or the brand image for the company is proposed to be increased. Research is done to collect the relevant information about the client preferences and expectations from the company. The life-cycle of the products and the procurement process has been clearly drafted. This would help in increasing the quality of the products and approaching maximum number of clients (Peltier, Schibrowsky, and Schultz, 2003).2. Price The determination of the price for the products depends upon the price elasticity. This has been done to ensure that the right price for the products is offered by the company. At the time of setting up of the price the company can analyse the rival company offers and the different ways through which the cost can be reduced. Customers perceived value about the brand and the price has to be analysed. This can be done through the price skimming or the market penetration process. The selection of the pricing method can be done after analysing the changes that would help the business in launch new and improved products for the customers from different markets.3. Promotion - Online and offline promotional activities wou ld help the management to approach maximum number of clients from various parts of the world. At the time of promotional activities, the value of the customers, quality of the products, and other factors has to be analysed. This would help in approaching and convince the customers about the products and services. Integrated promotional activities can be adopted, as this would help in improving the brand image for the company (Rid, Luxton, and Mavondo, 2005).4. Product The type of products and services proposed to be rendered by the stores to the clients has to be presented in an effective manner. For this, the benefits or positive aspects about the product and the clients satisfactory would be analysed. The details about the varieties of products that are sold by the company have to highlight. The quality of the products and the benefits that would be provided to the clients has to be communicated with the clients (Smith et, 2006). Situation analysis Situation analysis is a process of auditing the performance of the company. In this method, the challenges and other limitations that are involved in the process of the business execution are analysed. this would help in the business development and introducing the changes that would be useful for the business development. strategies adopted have to be effective and take care of the needs and objectives of the company. With the help of the situational analysis, the management can develop and implement new steps that would help in introducing the changes that is required for introducing changes for the business development. Through situation analysis, the management of the company conduct the research on the below mentioned factors 1. Objectives of the company The management proposes to introduce new and better methods for increasing the sales. In this case, the strategies adopted have to be analysed, as this would help in approaching maximum number of clients. the future objectives of the company are to increase the sales and brand image. The strategies prepared by the company have to be related to the objectives, as this will help the management to accomplish the task (Schultz, 2003).2. Competition The level of competition that exists in the industry has to be evaluated. Through this process, the corrective steps can be implemented, and the best product can be offered to the clients. The offers of the rival companies in terms of the price and quality of services have to be analysed. through this method, the management would be able to introduce the required changes that would help in the business development. the required information about the rival offers and other important details can be collected by the management.3. Customers The needs and demands of the customers has to be analysed. This would help in increasing the sales and brand image for the stores. Needs of customers varies and depends upon the age, gender, cultural factors, and others. Such factors have to be analysed, before introducing better changes. Information has to be collected based on the demographic factors and others. The customers preferences change on a regular basis, and thus the essential strategies has to be implemented. The collected facts about the customer preferences can be analysed, and the new strategies can be introduced (Wall, 2001). Conclusion Marketing strategy is quite an important factor that would help in the business development. The factors that can directly impact the business performance need to be analysed. This would help in the business development and imposing the correct steps that would help in the business extension. The challenges involved in the process have to be analysed and corrective steps needs to be imposed. Marketing strategies are important and needs to be planned and implemented in the best possible manner. through this process, the management of the company intends to improve the performance and introduce the required changes that would improve the performance. The challenges involved in the process have to be analysed, as this will help in the business development. References Armstrong M, 2006. Strategic Human Resource Management, 3rd edition, ed. Kogan Page, London, p. 142. Cornelissen J, 2001. Integrated Marketing Communications and the language of Marketing Development. International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 483-498. Eagle Kitchen P, 2007. Insights into Interpreting Integrated Marketing Communications: A two Nation Quantitative Comparison. European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 41, No. 7/8, pp.956-970. Fitzpatric K, 2005. The legal Challenges of Integrated Marketing Communication. Journal of Advertising, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 93-102. Ferdous A, 2008. Integrated Internal Marketing Communication. The Marketing Review, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 223-235. Holm O, 2006. Integrated Marketing Communications from tactics to strategy. Corporate communications, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. .23-33. Johnson R and Schultz D, 2004. A Focus on Customers, Marketing Management, Vol. 13 No. 5, PP.21-26. Kim and Schultz E, 2004. Understanding the Diffusion of Integrated Marketing Communication. Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 31-45. Kotler P, 2003. Marketing Management, 11th ed., Prentice Hall/Pearson, Englewood cliffs,NJ. Lauterborn R, 2003. Is it time to blow away IMC? BtoB.Chicago, Vol. 88, No. 11, pp. 14-15. Lobo C, Cochran D, and Duda J, 2000. Using axiomatic design to support the development of balance scorecard In Performance Measurement Past, present and future, ed. A. Neely, p.347-357, 2000 McGrath J, 2005. A Pilot Study Testing Aspects of IMC Concept, Journal of Marketing Communications, Vol.11 No.3, pp.1-20. Peltier J, Schibrowsky J, and Schultz D, 2003. Interactive Integrated Marketing Communications; Combining the Power of IMC: The new media and Database Marketing. International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 22, pp. 93-115. Rid M, Luxton S, and Mavondo F, 2005. The relationship between IMC, Market Orientation and Brand Orientation, Journal of Advertising, Vol.34 No.4, PP.11-23. Sisodia S, and Telrandhe N, 2010. Role of Integrated Marketing communication in Modern Indian Business. Researchers World. Journal of Arts Science and Commerce, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 134-138. Smith, T.M., Gopalakrishna,S. and Chatterjee, R. (2006), A Three Stage Model of IMC at the Marketing-Sales Interface, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol.43 No.3, PP.564-579. Schultz E, 2003. The Next Generation of Integrated Marketing Communication, Interactive Maketing, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 318-319 Wall A, 2001. Power of performance management: How leading companies create sustained value, ed. Wiley, New York, 2001. Wall A, 2007. Strategic performance management- a managerial approach and behavioural approach, ed. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, p. 19-53, 2007. 5. HRM Guide.com (www.hrmguide.com), 20 June 2002

Not only do you have to create your budget, you have to stick to it too unfortunately. But here are some tips for doing just that:

1. Keep your bank statements and check th​em regularly to make sure you're on track. 2. Don't just follow the crowd if you haven't got enough cash to do something.​ 3. Only have enough cash in your purse/wallet that you can afford to spend, especially if you're going on a night out. 4. Whenever you're making a purchase ask yourself whether you just want it or you actually need it. 5. Don't get too stressed out or too constrained with your budget because you might end up​ going on a spending binge. Cutting Costs The savviest students attempt to make savings in all walks of life and you should too. Think about it, if you make savings now and have a little extra cash at the end of each month it means you can treat yourself or simply be in less debt by the time you finish university. In the following you'll find some general tips for lowering the cost of each expense. You'll also find out where to find the best deals and discounts. Food​ Take a shopping list with you and only buy what you need. Share food with your house mates so you can buy cheaper items in bulk. Freeze food so it doesn't go off and is therefore wasted. Transport Get a discounted weekly or student travel card e.g. a student Oyster card. Take the bus or walk wherever you can, it's cheaper than trains, trams etc. Always book trains home in advance or take the coach. Books Buy second-hand online or from former students. Use Gooogle Books for excerpts of the texts you might need. Instead of buying the books, use the library's copy as long as you can. Reserve the books where necessary. Shopping Always check if there's a student discount available. Buy second-hand from charity shops and the like. Use price comparison sites for everything you need. Going Out Have a couple of drinks before you go out rather than going to a pub or bar. Go to local student nights for cheaper drinks. Get friendly with promoters for discounted tickets or free entry. At Home Use Skype to call your friends and family to lower your phone bill. Don't bother with a TV, license and subscription, watch your fave shows on demand. Be careful with your use of electricity and heating.Top 10 Sites For Finding Student Deals NUS Extra Save the Student Student Money Saver UniDays Student BeansGroupon Money Saving Expert Voucher Codes StudentUniverse Swagbucks We hope you've found this post helpful and you're feeling well-equipped to deal with the money perils that could come your way during your first year at university. Don't forget to share this post with your friends on Facebook and Twitter if you found it useful!​ Sources: This is Money, Student Crowd, Money Saving Expert, Bright Knowledge, Save the Student, Student Profit, Pixabay, The Guardian

George A. Custer - American Indian Wars

George A. Custer - American Indian Wars George Custer - Early Life: The son of Emanuel Henry Custer and Marie Ward Kirkpatrick, George Armstrong Custer was born at New Rumley, OH on December 5, 1839. A large family, the Custers had five children of their own as well as several from Maries earlier marriage. At a young age, George was sent to live with his half-sister and brother-in-law in Monroe, MI. While living there, he attended McNeely Normal School and did menial jobs around the campus to help pay for his room and board. After graduating in 1856, he returned to Ohio and taught school. George Custer - West Point: Deciding that teaching did not suit him, Custer enrolled at the US Military Academy. A weak student, his time at West Point was plagued by near expulsion each term for excessive demerits. These were usually earned through his penchant for pulling pranks on fellow cadets. Graduating in June 1861, Custer finished last in his class. While such a performance normally would have landed him an obscure posting and a short career, Custer benefited from the outbreak of the Civil War and the US Armys desperate need for trained officers. Commissioned a second lieutenant, Custer was assigned to the 2nd US Cavalry. George Custer - Civil War: Reporting for duty, he saw service at the First Battle of Bull Run (July 21, 1861) where he acted as a runner between General Winfield Scott and Major General Irvin McDowell. After the battle, Custer was reassigned to the 5th Cavalry and was sent south to participate in Major General George McClellans Peninsula Campaign. On May 24, 1862, Custer convinced a colonel to allow him to attack a Confederate position across the Chickahominy River with four companies of Michigan infantry. The attack was a success and 50 Confederates were captured. Impressed, McClellan took Custer onto his staff as an aide-de-camp. While serving on McClellans staff, Custer developed his love of publicity and began working to attract attention to himself. Following McClellans removal from command in the fall of 1862, Custer joined the staff Major General Alfred Pleasonton, who was then commanding a cavalry division. Quickly becoming his commanders protà ©gà ©, Custer became enamored with flashy uniforms and was schooled in military politics. In May 1863, Pleasonton was promoted to command the Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Potomac. Though many of his men were alienated by Custers showy ways, they were impressed by his coolness under fire. After distinguishing himself as bold and aggressive commander at Brandy Station and Aldie, Pleasonton promoted him to brevet brigadier general despite his lack of command experience. With this promotion, Custer was assigned to lead a brigade of Michigan cavalry in the division of Brigadier General Judson Kilpatrick. After fighting the Confederate cavalry at Hanover and Hunterstown, Custer and his brigade, which he nicknamed the Wolverines, played a key role in the cavalry battle east of Gettysburg on July 3. As Union troops south of the town were repulsing Longstreets Assault (Picketts Charge), Custer was fighting with Brigadier General David Greggs division against Major General J.E.B. Stuarts Confederate cavalry. Personally leading his regiments into the fray on several occasions, Custer had two horses shot out from under him. The climax of the fight came when Custer led a mounted charge of the 1st Michigan which stopped the Confederate attack. His triumph as Gettysburg marked the high point of his career. The following winter, Custer married Elizabeth Clift Bacon on February 9, 1864. In the spring, Custer retained his command after the Cavalry Corps was reorganized by its new commander Major General Philip Sheridan. Participating in Lt. General Ulysses S. Grants Overland Campaign, Custer saw action at the Wilderness, Yellow Tavern, and Trevilian Station. In August, he traveled west with Sheridan as part of the forces sent to deal with Lt. General Jubal Early in the Shenandoah Valley. After pursuing Earlys forces after the victory at Opequon, he was promoted to divisional command. In this role he aided in destroying Earlys army at Cedar Creek that October. Returning to Petersburg after the campaign in the Valley, Custers division saw action at Waynesboro, Dinwiddie Court House, and Five Forks. After this final battle, it pursued General Robert E. Lees retreating Army of Northern Virginia after Petersburg fell on April 2/3, 1865. Blocking Lees retreat from Appomattox, Custers men were the first to receive a flag of truce from the Confederates. Custer was present at Lees surrender on April 9, and was given the table on which it was signed in recognition of his gallantry. George Custer - Indian Wars: After the war, Custer reverted back to the rank of captain and briefly considered leaving the military. He was offered the position of adjutant general in the Mexican army of Benito Jurez, who was then battling Emperor Maximilian, but was blocked from accepting it by the State Department. An advocate of President Andrew Johnsons reconstruction policy, he was criticized by hardliners who believed he was attempting to curry favor with the goal of receiving a promotion. In 1866, he turned down the colonelcy of the all-black 10th Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers) in favor of the lieutenant colonelcy of the 7th Cavalry. In addition, he was given the brevet rank of major general at the behest of Sheridan. After serving in Major General Winfield Scott Hancocks 1867 campaign against the Cheyenne, Custer was suspended for a year for leaving his post to see his wife. Returning to the regiment in 1868, Custer won the Battle of Washita River against Black Kettle and the Cheyenne that November. George Custer - Battle of the Little Bighorn: Six years later, in 1874, the Custer and the 7th Cavalry scouted the Black Hills of South Dakota and confirmed the discovery of gold at French Creek. This announcement touched off the Black Hills gold rush and further heightened tensions with the Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne. In an effort to secure the hills, Custer was dispatched as part of a larger force with orders to round up the remaining Indians in the area and relocate them to reservations. Departing Ft. Lincoln, ND with Brigadier General Alfred Terry and a large force of infantry, the column moved west with the goal of linking up with forces coming from the west and south under Colonel John Gibbon and Brigadier General George Crook. Encountering the Sioux and Cheyenne at the Battle of the Rosebud on June 17, 1876, Crooks column was delayed. Gibbon, Terry, and Custer met later that month and, based on a large Indian trail, decided to have Custer circle around the Indians while the other two approached with the main force. After refusing reinforcements, including Gatling guns, Custer and the approximately 650 men of the 7th Cavalry moved out. On June 25, Custers scouts reported sighting the large camp (900-1,800 warriors) of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse along the Little Bighorn River. Concerned that the Sioux and Cheyenne might escape, Custer recklessly decided to attack the camp with only the men on hand. Dividing his force, he ordered Major Marcus Reno to take one battalion and attack from the south, while he took another and circled around to the north end of the camp. Captain Frederick Benteen was sent southwest with a blocking force to prevent any escape. Charging up the valley, Renos attack was stopped and he was forced to retreat, with Benteens arrival saving his force. To the north, Custer too was stopped and superior numbers forced him to retreat. With his line broken, the retreat became disorganized and his entire 208-man force was killed while making their last stand. Selected Sources PBS: George A. CusterCuster in the Civil WarBattle of the Little Bighorn